Front cover -- Half Title -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Brief Table of Contents -- Detailed Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface to the Fifth Edition -- Guided Tour -- Technology to Enhance Learning and Teaching -- Acknowledgements -- Chaper 1: Behaviour and Psychology -- The Magic of Behaviour -- Introduction -- The Challenge of Psychology -- Why Different Approaches -- Perception and Experience -- Perception and Theorizing -- The Origins of Psychology -- Methods of studying behaviour -- The Role of the Scientific Method in Psychology -- Introspectionism and Public Observation -- Measures of Behaviour, Research Settings and Research Methods -- Non-experimental Methods: Interviews and Surveys -- Surveys and Sampling Procedures -- Limitations of Self-reports -- Naturalistic Observation and Unobtrusive Measures -- Case Studies -- Correlations and Non-experimental Research -- Experiments -- Quasi-experiments -- Ethics in Psychological Research -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chaper 2: The Biological Approach -- Looking for The Mind -- Introduction -- The Nature of The Physiological System -- Mind, Brain and the CNS -- Neurons and the Nervous System -- The Brain -- Studying the Brain -- Electrical Recording and Stimulation -- Computerized Imaging Techniques -- Chemical Processes in Behaviour -- Neurotransmitters -- Hormones -- Interactions of Mind and Body in Behaviour -- The Effects of Body on Mind -- The Study of Drug Effects -- Types of Psychoactive Drugs -- The Split Brain and the Whole Mind -- The Split Brain and the Normal Brain -- The Effects of Mind on Body -- The Nature of Stress -- Coping with Stress -- Mental States and Health -- The Heredity Basis of Behaviour -- Basic Mechanisms of Heredity -- Nature and Nurture in Behaviour -- Evolution and Behaviour -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary.

Chaper 3: The Behaviourist Approach -- Mind Doesn't Matter -- Introduction -- Basic Assumptions of Behaviourism -- The Pioneers of Behaviourism -- Stimuli and Responses -- Classical Conditioning -- Classical Conditioning Phenomena -- Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination -- Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery -- Higher Order Conditioning -- Applications of Classical Conditioning -- Conditioned Emotional Responses -- Conditioned Drug and Immune Responses -- Operant Conditioning -- Skinner and Operant Conditioning -- Reinforcers and Reinforcement -- Contingencies of Reinforcement -- Operant Conditioning Phenomena -- Shaping and the Learning Process -- Extinction -- Schedules of Reinforcement -- Discriminative Stimuli -- Non-contingent Reinforcement -- Applications and Implications of Conditioning -- Negative Reinforcers and the Aversive Control of Operant Behaviour -- Interrelationships of Classical and Operant Conditioning -- Autonomic Conditioning and Biofeedback -- Biological Constraints on Learning -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 4: The Cognitive Approach -- Thought and Action -- Introduction -- Perception and Coginition -- Learning and Memory -- Learning as Information Gathering -- Memory as the Retention of Learning -- A Basic Model of Memory -- Encoding and Storage in Memory -- STM -- LTM -- Forgetting -- Forgetting in STM -- Forgetting in LTM -- Memory as Reconstruction -- Eyewitness Testimony -- Improving Memory -- Problem Solving -- Defining Problems -- Stages of Problem Solving -- Types of Problems -- Models of Problem Solving -- Gestalt Theory -- Problem Solving as Information Processing -- Algorithms -- Heuristics -- Creativity in Problem Solving -- The Formation of Problem Solving Skills -- Language -- Language Learning -- Of Apes and Language -- Language and Thinking -- The Cognitive Viewpoint in Other Areas.

Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance -- Attribution Theory -- Cognition and Emotions -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 5: The Psychodynamic Approach -- Motivation and the Mind -- Introduction -- Freud and Psychoanalysis -- Freud's Assumptions about Behaviour -- Exploring the Workings of the Mind -- Freud's Theory of Consciousness -- Dreams and Symbolic Expression -- Drives and the Psychodynamics of Behaviour -- Freud's Psychodynamic Model of Personality -- Psychosexual Stages of Development -- Oral Stage -- Anal Stage -- Phallic Stage -- Latency Stage -- Genital Stage -- Fixation and Regression During Development -- Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms -- Observing the Unconscious in Behaviour -- Freudian Slips -- Free Association -- Dreams -- Cross-cultural Studies -- Self-analysis -- Art -- Assessing Freud's Work -- Neo-freudian and Non-freudian Psychodynamic Theories -- Carl Jung and the Collective Unconscious -- Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology -- Other Psychodynamic Theorists -- Karen Horney -- Erik Erikson -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 6: The Humanistic Approach -- Keeping the Person in 'Personality' -- Introduction -- The Phenomenological Viewpoint -- The Capacity for Choice -- The Role of Meaning -- Carl Rogers's Theory -- Personality and the Self -- The Organism and the Actualizing Tendency -- The Phenomenal Field and the Self -- The Ideal Self, Congruence and Incongruence -- Personality Development and Conditions for Growth -- Conditions of Worth and the World-Should Dilemma -- Conditional and Unconditional Positive Regard -- Congruence and Conditions for Growth -- Human Potential and the Fully Functioning Person -- Abraham Maslow's Theory -- Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs -- Needs and Self-development -- Self-actualization and Peak Experiences -- Maslow's Concept of Healthy Growth.

Extending the Humanistic Approach -- Existential Psychology -- Frankl's Logotherapy -- Positive Psychology -- Coaching as an Application of Humanistic and Positive Psychology -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 7: Perspectives on Development -- Observing the Journey of Life -- Introduction -- Methods of Studying Development -- Issues in Interpreting Development -- Continuity vs. Discontinuity -- Generality vs. Specificity of Models -- Heredity and Environment -- Personality and Gender Role Development -- Personality and its Origins -- Perspectives on Personality -- The Biological Approach -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Summary -- The Development of Gender Roles -- The Biological Approach -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 8: Perspectives on Social Behaviour -- The Individual and Society -- Introduction -- Methods of Studying Social Behaviour -- Issues in the Study of Social Behaviour -- Perspectives on Aggression -- Defining Aggression -- Methods of Studying Aggression -- Theories of Aggression -- The Biological Approach -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Summary -- Aggression and the Media -- Perspectives on Prosocial Behaviour -- Defining Prosocial Behaviour -- Theories of Altruism -- The Biological Approach -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Summary -- Altruism and Bystander Behaviour -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 9: Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour -- Who and What Is Normal? -- Introduction -- Abnormality in Historical Context.

Classifying Abnormal Behaviour -- Perspectives on Aetiology and Treatment -- The Biological Approach -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Evaluating Therapeutic Techniques -- Understanding Schizophrenia -- The Biological Approach, the Medical Model and Schizophrenia -- Alternatives to the Medical Model of Schizophrenia -- The Behaviourist Approach -- The Cognitive Approach -- The Psychodynamic Approach -- The Humanistic Approach -- Evaluating Our Understanding of Schizophrenia -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Chapter 10: Psychology in Perspective -- Searching For Answers -- Introduction -- Reconsidering the Origins of the Approaches -- Perception and Theory Formation -- Objective Evidence vs. Shifting Paradigms -- Paradigms in Psychology -- Psychology and Science -- Limitations of the Scientific Methods for Psychology -- The Search for a New Methodology -- Psychology and Culture -- The Many and The One -- Seeking Convergence -- Embracing Pluralism -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Appendix: Research Methods and Statistics -- Making Sense of the Evidence -- Introduction -- The Logic of Research -- Making Observations: Measurement and Sampling -- Designing Research -- Pitfalls in Experimental Research -- Confounds -- Bias -- Going from Observation to Interpretation -- Statistics - Making Sense of the Data -- Descriptive Statistics - Describing the Data -- Frequency Distributions -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Measures of Variability -- Properties of Normal Distributions -- Correlations -- Inferential Statistics -- Sampling and Variability -- Drawing Inferences from a Normal Distribution -- Inferences about the Significance of Results -- Decision Errors in Interpreting Data -- Conclusion -- Chapter Summary -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- Back cover.

Building on the features which have been successful characteristics of the previous editions, this revision will retain the same underlying focus and conceptual structure, but will be modified to reflect changes in the discipline as well as insights based on feedback from students and faculty using the text. The central concept of "Approaches to Psychology" is reflected in the title: that psychology is a complex discipline based on a variety of approaches to understanding human behaviour. The rationale for this structure has been, and remains, that examining the origins and central concepts of the major approaches is an effective way of presenting an introduction to the field. "Approaches to Psychology" offers a compact introductory text which presents the content in a readable, understandable way, based on a structure which is both distinguishable from other texts and already 'field-tested'. The same basic structure will be retained in the new edition. Essentially, this means an initial introductory chapter, chapters devoted to each of the five major approaches, and chapters which provide a comparative analysis of how the approaches can be applied to the same central issues (development, social behaviour, and abnormal behaviour). In addition, there will be a summary chapter, as well as an appendix which examines research methods and statistical analysis.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2019. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.